Envía por correo este artículo William E. Bull (1909-1972) y la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera
Resumen
William Emerson Bull (1909-1972) fue profesor de lingüística española en varias universidades norteamericanas. En sus libros y artículos Bull investigó temas tales como la frecuencia de los tiempos verbales del castellano, la semántica del adjetivo, la validez del paradigma tradicional de las formas verbales y los contrastes semánticos entre ser y estar. Sus otras obras incluyen un juego de 472 carteles diseñados para ilustrar contrastes semánticos del español (Visual Grammar of Spanish, 1961); Time, Tense, and the Verb (1960), un estudio de los significados de los llamados tiempos del verbo; y Spanish for Teachers: Applied Linguistics (1965), un manual para profesores, todavía citado en los estudios más recientes. Su texto pedagógico Communicating in Spanish (1974) fue innovador por su estructura programada y por el rigor de sus ingeniosas descripciones originales.
La obra de Bull constituye una reacción contra el estructuralismo formal en la descripción lingüística, favoreciendo un enfoque semántico en el que la producción del hablante nativo refleja una concepción de la realidad no compartida por el aprendiz extranjero. Bull también innovó en su aplicación de conceptos provenientes de las matemáticas y la física al análisis del idioma. En una época en que muchos estructuralistas todavía desconfiaban de la posibilidad de basar la descripción lingüística en el significado, Bull logró hacer precisamente eso, produciendo una obra inmediatamente aplicable a la pedagogía. Los análisis de Bull constituyen un intento de presentarle al aprendiz angloparlante una descripción coherente de la intuición del hablante nativo del español.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
PDFReferencias
1. Agard, Frederick B. 1949. “The Cornell Language Program”. Hispania 32: 1. 27-34.
2. Agard, Frederick B. [1964] 1968. Modern Approach to Spanish: Revised. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [2ª ed.]
3. Agard, Frederick B. y Harold B. Dunkel. 1948. An Investigation of Second-Language Teaching. Boston: Ginn & Co.
4. Angiolillo, Paul F. 1947. Armed Forces’ Foreign Language Teaching: Critical evaluation and implications. New York: S. F. Vanni.
5. Alonso, Amado y Pedro Henríquez Ureña. [1939] 1962. Gramática castellana. Segundo curso. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, S. A. [19ª ed.]
6. Asher, James A. 1986. Learning another Language through Actions: The complete teacher’s guidebook. Los Gatos, California: Sky Oaks Publications.
7. Azevedo, Milton M. [1992] 2009. Introducción a la lingüística española. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall. [3ª ed.]
8. Barnwell, David Patrick. 1996. A History of Foreign Language Testing in the United States. Tempe, Arizona: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.
9. Bello, Andrés. [1847] 1981. Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos. Edición crítica de Ramón Trujillo. Tenerife: Instituto Universitario de Lingüística Andrés Bello.
10. Binnick, Robert I. 1991. Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11. Bloch, Bernard y George L. Trager. 1942. Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
12. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1942. Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
13. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1944-45. Spoken Dutch. [New York:] Henry Holt & Co.
14. Bolinger, Dwight. [1968] 1975. Aspects of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. [2ª ed.]
15. Bontrager, Terry. 1991. “The Development of Word Frequency Lists prior to the 1944 Thorndike-Lorge List”. Reading Psychology 12: 2. 91-116.
16. Bosque, Ignacio (ed.). 1990. Tiempo y aspecto en español. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra.
17. Buchanan, Milton A. 1927. A Graded Spanish Word Book. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
18. Bull, William E. 1936a. “The Olive Industry of Spain”. Economic Geography 12: 2. 136-154.
19. Bull, William E. 1936b. “Semejança del mundo: a Spanish geography book of the thirteenth century”. Tesis de maestría, University of Wisconsin - Madison.
20. Bull, William E. 1940. “Clarín: an analytical study of a literary critic”. Tesis doctoral, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
21. Bull, William, E. 1942a. “The Liberalism of Leopoldo Alas”. Hispanic Review 10: 4. 329-339.
22. Bull, William E. 1942b. “New Principles for Some Spanish Equivalents of ‘to be’”. Hispania 25: 4. 433-443.
23. Bull, William E. 1943. “Related Functions of Haber and Estar”. The Modern Language Journal 27: 2. 119-123.
24. Bull, William E. 1946. “Teaching the Spanish Verb Paradigm”. The Modern Language Journal 30: 8. 587-589.
25. Bull, William E. 1948. “Clarín’s Literary Internationalism”. Hispanic Review 16: 4. 321-334.
26. Bull, William E. 1949. “Natural Frequency and Word Counts: The Fallacy of Frequencies”. The Classical Journal 44: 8. 469-484.
27. Bull, William E. 1950a. Reseña de Agard y Dunkel (1948) y Dunkel (1948). The Classical Journal 46: 2. 90-92.
28. Bull, William E. 1950b. “Quedar and Quedarse: A Study of Contrastive Ranges”. Language 26: 4. 467-480.
29. Bull, William E. 1950c. “Spanish Adjective Position: Present Rules and Theories”. Hispania 33: 4. 297-303.
30. Bull, William E. 1950d. “Spanish Word Counts: Theory and Practice”. The Modern Language Journal 34: 1. 18-26.
31. Bull, William E. 1952a. “The Intransitive Reflexive: Ir and Irse”. The Modern Language Journal 36: 8. 382-386.
32. Bull, William E. 1952b. “Problems of Vocabulary Frequency and Distribution”. http://www.mt-archive.info/MIT-1952-Bull.pdf . [Consultado el 27 de febrero de 2009.]
33. Bull, William E. 1954. “Spanish Adjective Position: The Theory of Valence Classes”. Hispania 37: 1. 32-38.
44. Bull, William E. 1957-1958. Reseña de Togeby (1953). Romance Philology 11: 1. 48-58.
45. Bull, William E. 1961a. Final Report on Contract SAE 8348 between the University of California and the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to develop “A Visual Grammar of Spanish”. Los Angeles, July 17. Mecanografiado.
46. Bull, William E. 1961b. A Visual Grammar of Spanish. Los Angeles: University Extension, University of California.
47. Bull, William E. 1965. Spanish for Teachers: Applied Linguistics. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
48. Bull, William E. 1968. “We Need a Communications Grammar”. Glossa 2: 2. 213-228.
49. Bull, William E. [1960] 1971. Time, Tense, and the Verb: A Study in theoretical and applied linguistics, with particular attention to Spanish. Berkeley/Los Ángeles: University of California Press. (= University of California Publications in Linguistics, 19.)
50. Bull, William E. y Lewis E. Drake. 1941. Aids to Language Learning: Spanish. Madison, Wisconsin: The College Typing Company.
51. Bull, William E., Alfredo Cantón et al. 1947. “Modern Spanish Verb-form Frequencies”. Hispania 30:4. 451-466.
52. Bull, William E. y Rodger Farley. 1949. “An Exploratory Study of the Nature of Actions and the Function of Verbs in Spanish”. Hispania 32: 1. 64-73.
53. Bull, William E., Allison Gronberg y James Abbott. 1952. “Subject Position in Contemporary Spanish”. Hispania 35: 2. 185-188.
54. Bull, William E., Charles Africa y Daniel Teichroew. 1955. “Some Problems of the ‘Word’”. Machine Translation of Languages: Fourteen Essays, ed. por William Locke y A. Donald Booth, 86-103. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
55. Bull, William E, y Vernon A. Chamberlin. 1963. Clarín: The Critic in Action. Stillwater: Oklahoma State University.
56. Bull, William E. y Enrique E. Lamadrid. 1971. “Our Grammar Rules are Hurting Us”. The Modern Language Journal 55: 7. 449-454.
57. Bull, William E., Laurel A. Briscoe, Enrique E. Lamadrid, Carl Dellaccio y Margaret J. Brown. 1972. Spanish for Communication: Level One. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
58. Calvert, Laura D. 1963. “Notes on the Peace Corps Language Training Program”. The Modern Language Journal 47: 7. 319-323.
59. Coleman, Algernon. 1929. The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in the United States. New York: MacMillan.
60. Cowan, J. Milton. 1947. “The Cornell Plan of Language Teaching”. Hispania 30: 1. 57-60.
61. Cowan, J. Milton. 1991. “American Linguistics in Peace and War”. First Person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. (= Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 61.), ed. por [E. F.] Konrad Koerner, 69-82. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
62. Dalbor, John B. 1972. Beginning College Spanish: From Sounds to Structures. New York: Random House.
63. Dunkel, Harold B. 1948. Second-Language Learning. Boston: Ginn & Co.
64. Englekirk, John E., Claude L. Hulet y Robert P. Stockwell. 1975. “[Obituario de] William E.
65. Bull, Spanish and Portuguese: Los Angeles”. http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb9t1nb5rm&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00009&toc.depth=1&toc.id= [Consultado el 24 de febrero de 2009.]
66. Eoff, Sherman y William E. Bull. 1948. “A Semantic Approach to the Teaching of Foreign Languages”. The Modern Language Journal 32: 1. 3-13.
67. Frantzen, Diana. 1995. “Preterite/Imperfect Half-Truths: Problems with Spanish Textbook Rules for Usage”. Hispania 78: 1. 145-158.
68. Guitart, Jorge. 1978. “Aspects of Spanish Aspect: A new look at the preterite/imperfect distinction”. Contemporary Studies in Romance Linguistics, ed. por Margarita Suñer , 132-168. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
69. Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1975. Stormy Petrel in Linguistics. Ithaca, N. Y.: Spoken Language Services, Inc.
70. Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1976. “Linguistics and Language Teaching at Cornell”. The Modern Language Journal 60: 7. 335-339.
71. Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1991. “165 Broadway: A Crucial Node in American Structuralist Linguistics”. Historiographia Linguistica 8: 1. 153-166.
72. Halliday, M[ichael] A[lexander] K[irkwood]. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
73. Heger, Klaus. 1960. Reseña de Bull, Time, Tense, and the Verb. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 76. 547-557.
74. Heinecke, Johannes. 1999. Temporal Deixis in Welsh and Breton. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.
75. Hutchins, John. 1986. Machine Translation: Past, present, future. Chapter 2: The Precursors and the Pioneers. Chichester (UK): Ellis Horwood. ( http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/ PPF-2.pdf ) [Consultado el 6 de marzo de 2009.]
76. Joos, Martin. [1986.] Notes on the Development of the Linguistic Society of America 1924 to 1950. [Ithaca, N. Y.: Linguistica.]
77. Katz, Stacey L. y Johanna Watzinger-Tharp, eds. 2009. Conceptions of L2 Grammar: Theoretical Approaches and their Application in the L2 Classroom. Australia: Heinle Cengage Learning.
78. Keniston, Hayward. 1941. A Standard List of Spanish Words and Idioms. Boston: Heath.
79. Klum, Arne. 1964. Reseña de Bull, Time, Tense, and the Verb. Romance Philology 17: 4. 771-784.
80. Koerner, [E. F.] Konrad, ed. 1991. First Person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. (= Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 61.) Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
81. Koike, Dale A. y Carol A. Klee. 2003. Lingüística aplicada: Adquisición del español como segunda lengua. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
82. Krashen, Stephen D. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
83. Krashen, Stephen D. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and implications. New York: Longman.
84. Lamadrid, Enrique E., William E. Bull y Laurel A. Briscoe. 1974a. Communicating in Spanish: Level One. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
85. Lamadrid, Enrique E., William E. Bull y Laurel A. Briscoe. 1974b. Communicating in Spanish: Level One. Instructor’s Guide: Class Plans and Tests. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
86. Lamadrid, Enrique E., William E. Bull y Laurel A. Briscoe. 1974c. Workbook: Communicating in Spanish: Level One. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
87. Lantolf, James P. y Karen E. Johnson. 2007. “Extending Firth and Wagner’s (1997) Ontological Perspective to L2 Classroom Praxis and Teacher Education”. The Modern Language Journal 91: 5. 877-892.
88. Lee, James F. y Bill VanPatten. [1995] 2003. Making Communicative Language Teaching Happen. Boston: McGraw-Hill. [2ª ed.]
89. Locke, William N. y A. Donald Booth, eds. 1955. Machine Translation of Languages: Fourteen Essays. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
90. Lorge, Irving y E. L. Thorndike. 1938. A Semantic Count of English Words. New York: Columbia University.
91. Lunn, Patricia Vining y Janet A. DeCesaris. [1992] 2007. Investigación de gramática. Boston: Thomson-Heinle. [2ª ed.]
92. McCoard, Robert W. 1978. The English Perfect: Tense-choice and pragmatic inferences. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. (= North-Holland Linguistic Series, 38).
93. Modern Language Association of America. 1960. Modern Spanish. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
94. Musumeci, Diane. 1997. Breaking Tradition: An exploration of the historical relationship between theory and practice in second language teaching. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
95. Navas Ruíz, Ricardo. 1963. Ser y estar: estudio sobre el sistema atributivo del español. Salamanca: Talleres Gráficos Cervantes. (= Acta Salmanticensia: Serie de Filosofía y Letras, vol. 17, no. 3).
96. Negueruela, Eduardo. 2009. “A Conceptual Approach to Promoting L2 Grammatical Development: Implications for Language Program Directors”. Conceptions of L2 Grammar: Theoretical Approaches and their Application in the L2 Classroom, ed. por Stacey L. Katz y Johanna Watzinger-Tharp, 151-171. Australia: Heinle Cengage Learning.
97. Negueruela, Eduardo y James P. Lantolf. 2006. “Concept-Based Instruction and the Acquisition of L2 Spanish”. The Art of Teaching Spanish: Second Language Acquisition from Research to Praxis, ed. por Rafael Salaberry y Barbara Lafford, 79-102. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
98. Ornstein, Jacob. 1956. “Structurally-Oriented Texts and Teaching Methods since World War II: A survey and appraisal”. The Modern Language Journal 40: 5. 213-222.
99. Ramsey, Marathon Montrose. [1894] 1956. A Textbook of Modern Spanish. Revised by Robert K. Spaulding. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [3ª ed.]
100. Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York: Macmillan, The Free Press.
101. Reid, J. Richard. 1946. “The Drillmaster in the Speaking Approach Courses in Romance Languages at Clark University”. The Modern Language Journal 30: 8. 530-540.
102. Rojo, Guillermo. 1990. “Relaciones entre temporalidad y aspecto en el verbo español”. Tiempo y aspecto en español, ed. por Ignacio Bosque, 17-43. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra.
103. Sánchez Sadek, Carmen. [1975.] “Theoretical Basis for the Development of the Language Arts Curriculum in Bilingual Programs”. University of Southern California. Mecanografiado. (= ERIC document ED109930).
104. Santosuosso, John J. 1954. “ASTP Characteristics in 55 Colleges, 1941-1951: Methodological practices pertinent to the development of language skills”. The Modern Language Journal 38: 8. 407-411.
105. Salaberry, Rafael y Barbara A. Lafford (eds.). 2006. The Art of Teaching Spanish: Second Language Acquisition from Research to Praxis. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
106. Saporta, Sol. 1961. Reseña de Bull, Time, Tense, and the Verb. Hispanic Review 29: 3.266-269.
107. Savignon, Sandra J. [1983] 1997. Communicative Competence: Theory and classroom practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. [2ª ed.]
108. Schmitt, Cristina, Carolina Holtheuer y Karen Miller. 2004. “Acquisition of copulas ser and estar in Spanish: Learning lexico-semantics, syntax and discourse. Proceedings supplement of the 28th Boston University Conference on Language Development. (http://www.bu.edu/linguistics/APPLIED/BUCLD/proc.html ) [Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2009.]
109. Shrum, Judith L. y Eileen W. Glisan. [1993] 2005. Teacher’s Handbook: Contextualized Language Instruction. Australia: Thomson Heinle. [3ª ed.]
110. Stockwell, Robert P., J. Donald Bowen y John W. Martin. 1965. The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanish. The University of Chicago Press.
111. Suñer, Margarita (ed.). 1978. Contemporary Studies in Romance Linguistics. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
112. Suñer, Margarita. 1982. Syntax and semantics of Spanish presentational sentence-types. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
113. Terrell, Tracy. 1974. Reseña de Bull et al. (1972) y Lamadrid et al. (1974b). The Modern Language Journal 58: 7. 364.
114. Terrell, Tracy D., Magdalena Andrade, Jeanne Egasse y Elías Miguel Muñoz. 1986. Dos mundos: A communicative approach. New York: Random House.
115. Terrell, Tracy D., Bernard Baycroft y Charles Perrone. 1987. “The Subjunctive in Spanish Interlanguage: Accuracy and Comprehensibility”. Foreign Language Learning: A Research perspective, ed. por Bill VanPatten, Trisha R. Dvorak y James F. Lee, 19-32. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers.
116. Terrell, Tracy D, y Maruxa Salgués de Cargill. 1979. Lingüística aplicada a la enseñanza del español a anglohablantes. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
117. Togeby, Knud. 1953. Mode, aspect et temps en espagnol. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
118. Treviño, S[alomón] N[arcisco]. 1945a. Manual del guía for Spoken Spanish: Basic Course. (= Education Manual MA, 609:4.) [Boston:] D. C. Heath & Co.
119. Treviño, S[alomón] N[arcisco]. 1945b. Spoken Spanish for Colleges and the Armed Forces: Basic Course. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
120. VanPatten, Bill, Trisha R. Dvorak y James F. Lee (eds.). 1987. Foreign Language Learning: A Research perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers.
121. Vargas, Ernest A. y Julie S. Vargas. 1992. “Programmed Instruction and Teaching Machines”. Designs for Excellence in Education: The legacy of B. F. Skinner, ed. por Richard P. West y L. A. Hamerlynck, 33-69. Longmont, Colorado: Sopis West.
122. Velleman, Barry L. 1977. “Bello, Bull y el sistema verbal del español”. Thesaurus: Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo 32: 2. 213-226.
123. Velleman, Barry L. 2008. “The ‘Scientific Linguist’ Goes to War: The United States A. S. T. Program in Foreign Languages”. Historiographia Linguistica 35: 3. 385-416.
124. Wallis, Ethel y William E. Bull. 1950. “Spanish Adjective Position: Phonetic Stress and Emphasis”. Hispania 33: 3. 221-229.
125. West, Richard P. y L. A. Hamerlynck. 1992. Designs for Excellence in Education: The legacy of B. F. Skinner. Longmont, Colorado: Sopis West.
126. Wheatley, Kathleen. 2006. Sintaxis y morfología de la lengua española. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall.
127. Whitley, M. Stanley. [1986] 2002. Spanish-English Contrasts: A Course in Spanish Linguistics. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press. [2ª ed.]
128. Whitley, M. Stanley y Luis González. [2000] 2007. Gramática para la composición. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press. [2ª ed.]
129. Whitley, M. Stanley y Patricia V. Lunn (eds.) (en prensa). William Bull’s Visual Grammar of Spanish. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
130. Williams, Edwin B. 1955. Holt Spanish and English Dictionary. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
131. Wolfe, David E. y Gwendolyn Jones. 1982. “Integrating Total Physical Response Strategy in a Level 1 Spanish Class”. Foreign Language Annals 15: 4. 273-280.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
RAHL - Revista argentina de historiografía lingüística - ISSN 1852-1495
www.rahl.com.ar - info@rahl.com.ar
El contenido de esta revista se encuentra bajo licencia CC BY-NC-SA 4.0